Peptide Directory

A small molecule NNMT inhibitor studied for metabolic enhancement and fat cell reduction.

Abaloparatide (Tymlos) is a synthetic 34-amino-acid analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHrP(1-34), engineered to bind the PTH1 receptor with a strong preference for its transient RG conformation rather than the long-lived R0 conformation favored by teriparatide. That receptor bias produces a shorter burst of signaling per injection - enough to drive osteoblast activity, but short enough to limit the bone resorption and calcium mobilization that follow a prolonged signal. In the 18-month Phase 3 ACTIVE trial in 2,463 postmenopausal women, abaloparatide 80 mcg daily reduced new morphometric vertebral fractures by 86% versus placebo, alongside significant reductions in nonvertebral, major osteoporotic and clinical fractures. The FDA approved Tymlos in April 2017; in December 2021 the osteosarcoma boxed warning and the two-year cumulative lifetime limit were both removed from the label.

An oral, once-daily small-molecule amylin receptor agonist in first-in-human Phase 1 testing for obesity — an early entrant in the race to make amylin biology available as a pill rather than an injection.

A new class of antimicrobial peptides discovered and optimized using artificial intelligence platforms, with over 79 active compounds identified from a catalog of 863,498 AI-predicted sequences showing efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens.

An oral non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist achieving 16.3% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 44 weeks in Phase 2 ACCESS II, with Phase 3 on track for Q3 2026 after positive FDA end-of-Phase 2 feedback.

A bifunctional GIPR-antagonist / GLP-1 receptor-agonist peptide in early clinical development for obesity, designed to improve the quality and durability of weight loss and long-term weight maintenance.

ALV-200 is Alveus Therapeutics' highly selective amylin receptor 3 (AMYR3) peptide agonist in IND-enabling development for obesity, designed to capture amylin's weight-loss and lean-mass-preserving benefits while avoiding the nausea and aversion tied to calcitonin-receptor activation. It is engineered for once-weekly dosing.

A unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor dual agonist in Phase 3 trials, available in both subcutaneous and oral formulations, with up to 22% weight loss in Phase 1b/2a.

A modified fragment of human growth hormone studied for fat metabolism without growth-promoting effects.

An endogenous cardiovascular peptide that signals through the APJ receptor, studied for heart failure, cardiac repair, and cardioprotection with multiple synthetic analogs in clinical development.

Apitegromab (SRK-015) is an investigational, fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody developed by Scholar Rock that inhibits myostatin - the muscle-produced growth factor that limits skeletal-muscle mass - through a novel, muscle-selective mechanism. Rather than neutralizing mature, active myostatin (the approach of earlier failed inhibitors), apitegromab binds only the inactive precursor forms of the protein - promyostatin and latent myostatin - stored locally in muscle, and blocks their proteolytic conversion into the active ligand. Because it spares the closely related growth factors activin A, BMP9/10, and TGF-beta1, it aims to avoid the off-target effects (such as bleeding and vascular changes) that sank broad ActRII-pathway drugs. Apitegromab is the first muscle-targeted therapy to succeed in a pivotal Phase 3 trial in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA): in the 156-patient SAPPHIRE study of nonambulatory Type 2/3 patients aged 2-12 already on an SMN-directed therapy (nusinersen or risdiplam), adding apitegromab (10 or 20 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks) improved motor function by a pooled 1.8 points on the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) versus placebo at 12 months (p=0.019). Scholar Rock's initial Biologics License Application received an FDA Complete Response Letter in September 2025 tied solely to a third-party (Catalent Indiana) fill-finish manufacturing inspection - not to the drug's efficacy or safety - and the company resubmitted the BLA on March 31, 2026, with a PDUFA target action date of September 30, 2026. In parallel, apitegromab produced positive Phase 2 obesity data (EMBRAZE): added to tirzepatide over 24 weeks it preserved about 55% more lean mass (roughly 1.9 kg / 4.2 lb) than tirzepatide alone, positioning myostatin inhibition as a potential lean-mass-sparing partner for GLP-1-based weight loss.

A long-acting, once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog that boosts intestinal absorption in short bowel syndrome, aiming to reduce dependence on IV (parenteral) nutrition; in Phase 3 development with a confirmatory trial required by the FDA.

A non-erythropoietic EPO analog studied for nerve repair and neuropathic pain conditions.

An oral once-daily small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Ascletis Pharma, showing 5.4–7.7% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 13 weeks in Phase 2, with in vitro potency 2–3x greater than orforglipron.

A next-generation once-monthly GLP-1R/GIPR dual agonist peptide with a 14-day half-life (6-fold longer than tirzepatide) and 71% greater weight loss than tirzepatide in preclinical models.

A next-generation once-monthly amylin receptor agonist peptide with a 32-day half-life and 91% greater weight loss than petrelintide in preclinical models. IND filing expected Q2 2026.

A next-generation once-monthly GLP-1R/GIPR/GCGR triple peptide agonist with 5-fold greater potency than retatrutide and a 17-day half-life enabling monthly dosing. IND filing expected Q2 2026.

ASC39 is Ascletis Pharma's investigational once-daily oral small-molecule amylin-selective amylin receptor agonist for obesity. In head-to-head preclinical assays it matched Eli Lilly's injectable peptide eloralintide on amylin-receptor potency, selectivity over the calcitonin receptor, and weight loss in diet-induced obese rats. Ascletis plans to file a U.S. FDA IND for ASC39 - and for a fixed-dose combination with its oral GLP-1 agonist ASC30 - in the third quarter of 2026.

A first-in-class adipose-targeted thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRβ) agonist designed for muscle-preserving weight loss. Phase 1 data at ECO 2026 showed 111.8% greater weight loss when combined with semaglutide vs semaglutide alone.

A first-in-class GIPR antagonist peptide in early clinical development for obesity, designed as a once-weekly combination partner that adds weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity independent of appetite suppression.

A first-in-class once-daily injectable GLP-1 receptor ANTAGONIST (exendin 9-39) from Amylyx for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. The mirror image of GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide, it blocks GLP-1 to stop the insulin surges that cause post-bariatric hypoglycemia. Phase 3 LUCIDITY completed enrollment March 2026 with topline data expected Q3 2026.

Batoclimab (development codes IMVT-1401, RVT-1401, HBM9161, HL161) is an investigational, fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), developed by Immunovant/Roivant (U.S. and Canada) and Harbour BioMed (Greater China) under license from HanAll Biopharma. It is not a small synthetic peptide but a full-length antibody given as a low-volume subcutaneous injection that patients can self-administer at home. Like the approved FcRn blockers efgartigimod, nipocalimab and rozanolixizumab, it lowers circulating IgG - including pathogenic autoantibodies - but it is best known for two things the others are not: it is the FcRn blocker that generated positive Phase 3 myasthenia gravis data yet was deliberately NOT filed for U.S. approval, and it is the one whose FcRn-mediated albumin recycling blockade produces a distinctive on-target signal of lowered serum albumin and raised LDL cholesterol - the exact liability that drove its makers to a re-engineered successor, IMVT-1402.

A once-monthly injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Pfizer (acquired from Metsera), showing 12.3% placebo-adjusted weight loss in Phase 2b trials with a tolerability profile comparable to weekly semaglutide.

A potential first-in-class triple GLP-1, GIP, and NPY2 receptor agonist peptide entering Phase 2 development mid-2026 for obesity, developed by Boehringer Ingelheim using Gubra-discovered technology.

An anti-activin type II receptor antibody that promotes fat loss while preserving lean muscle mass, studied in combination with GLP-1 agonists for obesity.

A pentadecapeptide derived from human gastric juice, studied for tissue repair and gut-protective properties.

A combined formulation of BPC-157 and TB-500, the two most commonly paired tissue repair peptides.

A 12-amino-acid peptide discovered via AI that suppresses appetite by acting on the hypothalamus, without nausea or muscle loss observed in animal models.

A synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from the IL-10 receptor alpha chain, granted FDA breakthrough therapy status for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after Phase III trial success.

A GIP/glucagon dual agonist that achieves weight loss comparable to retatrutide without GLP-1 receptor activity, potentially eliminating GI side effects. Published in Molecular Metabolism (April 2026).

A long-acting amylin analog studied for appetite regulation; NDA filed for CagriSema (cagrilintide + semaglutide) combination in December 2025, with FDA review expected in 2026.

A fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide (amylin analog) and semaglutide (GLP-1 agonist) studied for enhanced weight loss through dual hormonal pathways.

A newly discovered 12-amino acid anorexigenic peptide derived from the GDF15 prepropeptide region, representing a novel appetite-suppression pathway.

A brain-targeting tetrapeptide studied for neuroprotection and targeted drug delivery to injured brain and spinal cord tissue.

A porcine brain-derived peptide mixture approved in some countries for stroke recovery and neurodegenerative conditions.

A growth hormone releasing hormone analog studied for stimulating growth hormone secretion.

A long-acting GHRH analog with an extended half-life due to its Drug Affinity Complex modification.

An oral, once-daily small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist (developmental code HDM1002) from Huadong Medicine, in clinical trials for obesity and type 2 diabetes — part of the next wave of GLP-1 'pills' competing with orforglipron.

A once-daily GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist studied for MASH, obesity, and type 2 diabetes with demonstrated liver fat reduction and antifibrotic activity.

An investigational once-weekly subcutaneous dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist from Roche/Genentech (acquired with Carmot Therapeutics for ~$2.7 billion; Roche code RO7795068). CT-388 is engineered as a 'signal-biased' agonist: it potently activates both incretin receptors but recruits little or no beta-arrestin, which is expected to reduce receptor internalization and desensitization and thereby prolong pharmacological activity. In a Phase 1b study it produced ~18.8% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 24 weeks, and in the Phase 2 CT388-103 dose-finding trial (469 adults with obesity/overweight) it delivered a placebo-adjusted mean weight loss of 22.5% at 48 weeks (efficacy estimand; 18.3% treatment-regimen estimand) at the top 24 mg dose, without reaching a plateau. Roche advanced CT-388 into Phase 3 in the first half of 2026, positioning it as a late-entrant competitor to tirzepatide (Zepbound) with a potentially differentiated biased-signaling mechanism.

CX11 is an investigational once-daily oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist (Corxel/Vincentage) that produced up to 11.5% weight loss at 36 weeks in a 246-patient U.S. Phase 2 obesity trial, with a notably low 12-16% vomiting rate and no hepatic safety signal; global Phase 3 is planned after positive China Phase 3 results.

A novel once-weekly GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist showing rapid weight loss in Phase 1 trials with preserved lean body mass and direct liver benefits.

An oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist discontinued by Pfizer in 2026 after a potential drug-induced liver injury signal, despite showing meaningful weight loss in Phase 2b.

A long-acting, once-weekly dual GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonist peptide (Zealand Pharma) developed for obesity, uniquely pairing GLP-1-driven weight loss with GLP-2 activation intended to improve intestinal barrier function and reduce obesity-related low-grade inflammation; development was paused in November 2025.

An eight-amino-acid ADNP-derived peptide studied for microtubule stabilization, tau-related neuroprotection, and rare ADNP syndrome.

Difelikefalin (Korsuva in the U.S., Kapruvia in Europe) is a synthetic tetrapeptide built entirely from D-amino acids - D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys capped with a 4-aminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid - that acts as a selective agonist at the kappa opioid receptor. Its defining property is what it cannot do: the molecule is hydrophilic and bulky enough that it does not meaningfully cross the blood-brain barrier, so it reaches kappa receptors on peripheral sensory nerve endings, keratinocytes and immune cells while leaving the central kappa receptors that produce dysphoria and hallucinations largely untouched. It has no activity at the mu opioid receptor, so it carries neither euphoria nor respiratory depression. In the Phase 3 KALM-1 and KALM-2 trials in hemodialysis patients with moderate-to-severe chronic-kidney-disease-associated pruritus, roughly 40-51% of difelikefalin-treated patients achieved a clinically meaningful (>=3-point) reduction on the 10-point Worst Itching Intensity NRS at 12 weeks versus roughly 20-28% on placebo. The FDA approved intravenous difelikefalin in August 2021; the EU approved it as Kapruvia in April 2022.

A hexapeptide analog studied for cognitive enhancement via hepatocyte growth factor pathway activation.

A neuropeptide studied for its role in sleep regulation and stress modulation.

A cAMP signaling-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in China for chronic weight management, with Phase 3 data showing up to 15.4% weight loss.

Efgartigimod (efgartigimod alfa, brand names Vyvgart intravenous and Vyvgart Hytrulo subcutaneous) is a first-in-class antagonist of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) developed by argenx as ARGX-113. It is not a small synthetic peptide but an engineered fragment of the human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody - specifically the Fc portion that normally binds FcRn - modified with argenx's ABDEG technology to bind FcRn with much higher affinity than natural IgG at both neutral and acidic pH. FcRn is the salvage receptor that rescues circulating IgG from lysosomal degradation and recycles it back into the blood, giving antibodies their long half-life. By outcompeting endogenous IgG for FcRn, efgartigimod blocks that recycling and drives rapid clearance of IgG - including the pathogenic autoantibodies that cause many autoimmune diseases - typically lowering total IgG by roughly 60-70% within weeks, without reducing IgM, IgA, or albumin. It was the first FcRn blocker ever approved: FDA-approved in December 2021 (Vyvgart IV) for acetylcholine-receptor-antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) on the strength of the Phase 3 ADAPT trial, followed by a subcutaneous co-formulation with recombinant hyaluronidase (Vyvgart Hytrulo) for gMG in 2023 and for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) in 2024. In May 2026 the FDA expanded the gMG label to all serotypes - including AChR-antibody-negative (seronegative) patients - based on the Phase 3 ADAPT SERON trial, making efgartigimod the first and only therapy approved across every gMG antibody subtype. It is being studied in a broad set of other IgG-driven autoimmune diseases, including primary immune thrombocytopenia, myositis, Sjogren's disease, bullous pemphigoid, and lupus nephritis.

Efimosfermin alfa (development code BOS-580) is an investigational, long-acting, engineered analog of the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) being developed by GSK - which acquired the molecule from Boston Pharmaceuticals in May 2025 for $1.2 billion upfront and up to $800 million in milestones (potential ~$2 billion total) - for steatotic liver disease, principally metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH). Its defining feature is a very long half-life engineered to allow once-monthly subcutaneous dosing - the least frequent schedule among the leading FGF21 analogs, contrasting with the once-weekly or every-two-weeks dosing of efruxifermin (an Fc-FGF21 fusion) and pegozafermin (a glycoPEGylated FGF21). Like the rest of the class, it activates FGF receptors (FGFR1c/2c/3c) together with the co-receptor beta-Klotho to cut liver fat, improve insulin sensitivity, lower triglycerides, and drive direct anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in the liver. In a 24-week Phase 2 trial in biopsy-confirmed F2-F3 MASH, once-monthly efimosfermin achieved at least one-stage fibrosis improvement without worsening of MASH in about 45% of patients and MASH resolution without worsening of fibrosis in about 68%, both significantly better than placebo (published in The Lancet, 2025). It holds FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation and EMA PRIME (Priority Medicines) status for MASH, and has advanced into the Phase 3 ZENITH program (ZENITH-1 and ZENITH-2 in F2-F3 MASH), with a Phase 3 program in compensated (F4) MASH cirrhosis also underway; GSK has guided to a first potential launch around 2029.

Efinopegdutide (MK-6024, formerly HM12525A and JNJ-64565111) is an investigational once-weekly subcutaneous dual agonist of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors being developed by Merck for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH) and steatotic liver disease. It is a synthetic oxyntomodulin-based peptide - a modified GLP-1/glucagon dual-agonist sequence conjugated to a human IgG4 Fc fragment through a 10 kDa polyethylene glycol linker using Hanmi Pharmaceutical's LAPSCovery half-life-extension platform, which stretches dosing to once weekly. The design pairs the GLP-1 arm (appetite suppression, glycemic control, weight loss) with a glucagon arm that raises energy expenditure and acts directly on the liver to burn hepatic fat - the feature that sets it apart from pure GLP-1 drugs. In the head-to-head Phase 2a trial in NAFLD (Journal of Hepatology, 2023), efinopegdutide 10 mg cut liver fat content by 72.7% at 24 weeks versus 42.3% for semaglutide 1 mg, with two-thirds of efinopegdutide recipients falling below the 5% liver-fat threshold that defines a normal liver. Merck holds FDA Fast Track designation for the MASH program and is running Phase 2b studies plus a dedicated trial in compensated cirrhosis due to steatohepatitis; the earlier type 2 diabetes and obesity indications were discontinued in favor of the liver focus.

Efocipegtrutide (Hanmi code HM15211) is an investigational, long-acting, once-weekly GLP-1/GIP/glucagon 'triple' receptor agonist being developed primarily for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH) rather than obesity alone. It is built on Hanmi's LAPSCovery platform as a chemical conjugate of a chimeric tri-agonist peptide (TA15211) fused to a human IgG4 Fc fragment, which extends its half-life via FcRn-mediated recycling and enables weekly subcutaneous dosing. By adding glucagon-receptor activation to the GLP-1/GIP dual mechanism, efocipegtrutide is designed to combine appetite suppression and glycemic control with increased energy expenditure and direct hepatic anti-steatotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. In a Phase 1b/2a study in obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 12 weeks of treatment reduced liver fat by roughly 20% to 59% (dose-dependent, MRI-PDFF) versus about 6% on placebo. It has FDA Fast Track designation for MASH and orphan-drug designations from the FDA and EMA for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The 52-week adaptive Phase 2 HM-TRIA-201 study (NCT04505436) in biopsy-confirmed MASH with fibrosis is the pivotal read the field is watching.

Efruxifermin (development codes EFX, AKR-001; originally AMG 876) is an investigational, once-weekly, subcutaneously injected analog of the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) being developed by Akero Therapeutics for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH), including both pre-cirrhotic fibrosis and compensated (F4) cirrhosis. It is a bivalent Fc-FGF21 fusion protein - two engineered FGF21 sequences fused to a human immunoglobulin (IgG1) Fc domain - a design distinct from the glycoPEGylation used by its main FGF21-class rival, pegozafermin. The Fc fusion extends the very short half-life of native FGF21 to support once-weekly dosing while preserving agonism at FGF receptors (FGFR1c/2c/3c) together with the co-receptor beta-Klotho. In the 96-week Phase 2b HARMONY trial in biopsy-confirmed F2-F3 MASH, at least a one-stage improvement in fibrosis without worsening of MASH was reached by about 75% of patients on 50 mg and 46% on 28 mg versus 24% on placebo (published in The Lancet, August 2025). In the Phase 2b SYMMETRY trial in compensated MASH cirrhosis, about 39% of 50 mg patients with paired week-96 biopsies achieved reversal of cirrhosis without worsening of MASH versus 15% on placebo (published in the New England Journal of Medicine). Efruxifermin holds FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation and has advanced into the Phase 3 SYNCHRONY program (SYNCHRONY Histology in F2-F3 MASH, SYNCHRONY Outcomes in F4 compensated cirrhosis, and SYNCHRONY Real-World in non-invasively diagnosed MASH/MASLD, whose double-blind portion completed enrollment with safety results expected in 2026).

A first-in-class, intravenous immunomodulatory fusion peptide derived from histidyl-tRNA synthetase that selectively binds neuropilin-2 (NRP2) to dampen inflammation in the lung; in Phase 3 development for pulmonary sarcoidosis, an interstitial lung disease.

A selective, long-acting amylin receptor agonist in Phase 3 trials for obesity, offering a GLP-1-independent weight loss mechanism with up to 20.1% weight loss in Phase 2.

An investigational once-weekly, cAMP signal-biased dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist from Roche/Genentech that produced up to ~22.5% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 48 weeks in Phase 2 and is advancing to Phase 3 for obesity.

An oral PCSK9 inhibitor peptide that reduced LDL cholesterol by 57% in Phase 3 trials — matching injectable monoclonal antibodies in efficacy while offering once-daily pill convenience.

A tetrapeptide studied for its potential to activate telomerase and influence biological aging markers.

A senolytic peptide designed to selectively clear senescent cells by disrupting FOXO4-p53 interaction.

Garetosmab (REGN2477) is Regeneron's investigational fully human anti-activin A monoclonal antibody. In the Phase 3 OPTIMA trial in adults with the ultra-rare bone disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), it cut new heterotopic bone lesions by ~90-94% and reduced new-lesion volume by >99% versus placebo; its BLA was accepted for FDA Priority Review with an August 2026 target action date. The same activin A blockade also makes garetosmab the muscle-preserving partner to trevogrumab and semaglutide in the Phase 2 COURAGE obesity program.

A new class of peptide-based weight loss therapeutics that act through the GFRAL/RET receptor in the brainstem, representing a non-GLP-1 mechanism for appetite suppression and energy expenditure regulation.

A novel triple agonist peptide targeting GLP-1 and peptide YY receptors Y1 and Y2, designed to suppress appetite and improve glycemic control while avoiding GI side effects common to first-generation GLP-1 drugs.

A naturally occurring copper-binding peptide studied for skin regeneration, wound healing, and anti-aging effects.

A synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue studied for its potent stimulation of growth hormone release via the ghrelin receptor.

A growth hormone secretagogue that also stimulates appetite through ghrelin receptor activation.

A long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog given by once- or twice-weekly subcutaneous injection that helps the gut absorb more nutrients in short bowel syndrome, reducing dependence on IV (parenteral) nutrition.

A multi-peptide blend of BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu formulated for tissue repair and skin rejuvenation.

A first-in-class peptide-drug conjugate that simultaneously activates five metabolic receptors (GLP-1R, GIPR, PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ), published in Nature in April 2026 with preclinical results surpassing tirzepatide and triple agonists.

A hormone used clinically for fertility treatment and testosterone support during hormone replacement therapy.

A gonadotropin preparation containing FSH and LH, used in fertility protocols for both men and women.

An endogenous mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for neuroprotection, cellular stress resistance, and longevity, whose blood levels fall with age and are elevated in centenarians.

The first FDA-approved targeted oral macrocyclic peptide — an IL-23 receptor antagonist for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, marking a new era for oral peptide therapeutics.

A modified form of IGF-1 with extended half-life, studied for muscle growth and tissue development.

A truncated form of IGF-1 with high potency and rapid local activity at the site of administration.

IMVT-1402 (international nonproprietary name imeroprubart; originally HL161ANS) is Immunovant/Roivant's investigational, next-generation, fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). It is a re-engineered successor to batoclimab, built to keep batoclimab's deep IgG-lowering while removing that molecule's defining liability: because FcRn recycles serum albumin as well as IgG, first-generation FcRn blockers reproducibly lowered albumin and raised LDL cholesterol, and IMVT-1402 was specifically designed to spare albumin and lipids. Like the approved FcRn blockers efgartigimod, nipocalimab and rozanolixizumab it lowers circulating IgG - including pathogenic autoantibodies - but it is distinguished by two things: a low-volume subcutaneous autoinjector for at-home self-administration, and Phase 1 data showing 60-80% IgG reduction with no albumin drop and no LDL rise. It is now Immunovant's lead pipeline asset, advancing across roughly six autoimmune indications with potentially registrational Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis readouts expected in 2027.

A once-weekly basal insulin engineered as a single-chain insulin analog fused to an antibody (IgG2) Fc fragment, giving it a roughly 17-day half-life so a single subcutaneous injection covers a full week. Developed by Eli Lilly (code LY3209590, also called basal insulin Fc or BIF), efsitora is designed to replace daily long-acting insulin with a flat, ultra-stable weekly profile. In the large Phase 3 QWINT program it matched daily insulins glargine and degludec on A1C in type 2 diabetes, and in insulin-naive patients its simplified fixed-dose titration cut the number of dose adjustments dramatically while keeping hypoglycemia low. In type 1 diabetes (QWINT-5) it was non-inferior on A1C but showed a higher rate of severe hypoglycemia, a key safety caveat. As of mid-2026 efsitora is under FDA review for type 2 diabetes (a decision expected in the third quarter of 2026) and would compete directly with Novo Nordisk's once-weekly insulin icodec (Awiqli).

A selective growth hormone secretagogue studied for targeted GH release with fewer side effects than other GH peptides.

An oral once-daily small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist (Hengrui's HRS-7535, licensed to Kailera) that delivered up to 10.9% weight loss at Week 44 in a Chinese Phase 3 obesity trial and met its Phase 3 diabetes endpoint, now in a global Phase 2 dose-optimization study.

A neuropeptide that stimulates GnRH release, studied for fertility and reproductive hormone regulation.

A naturally occurring longevity hormone (secreted alpha-klotho) being studied for cognition and brain aging; a single low-dose injection improved memory in aged monkeys, and a first-in-human Phase 1 trial in older adults is underway.

A multi-peptide blend combining BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, and KPV for comprehensive tissue repair and anti-inflammatory support.

A tripeptide derived from alpha-MSH, studied for anti-inflammatory and gut-protective properties.

A synthetic peptide tight junction regulator in clinical trials for celiac disease, designed to prevent intestinal permeability caused by gluten exposure.

An investigational, long-duration injectable small interfering RNA (siRNA) from Eli Lilly that lowers lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] by nearly 94% by silencing the LPA gene in the liver. A single dose keeps Lp(a) suppressed for a year or more, and its Phase 3 ACCLAIM-Lp(a) trial (~12,500 patients) is the first Lp(a) outcomes trial to include people who have not yet had a cardiovascular event.

A lipotropic injection blend containing methionine, inositol, choline, and other compounds to support fat metabolism.

A human antimicrobial peptide studied for innate immunity, wound healing, and biofilm disruption.

An FDA-approved PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (brand name Pluvicto) for advanced prostate cancer. It pairs a small PSMA-binding ligand with the radioactive isotope lutetium-177 to deliver radiation directly to cancer cells. In 2026 it gained major traction after the Phase 3 PSMAddition trial showed benefit in earlier, hormone-sensitive disease.

Amgen's once-monthly injectable GIP receptor antagonist and GLP-1 receptor agonist, showing up to 20% weight loss in phase 2 trials with a unique mechanism that blocks GIP while activating GLP-1.

A bispecific GIPR antagonist and GLP-1 receptor agonist antibody-peptide conjugate developed by Amgen for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

The first dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in China for obesity and T2D, with Phase 3 showing up to 20.1% weight loss at the 9 mg dose and superiority over semaglutide.

A GLP-1/GIP co-agonist prodrug engineered for once-monthly dosing using MBX Biosciences' PEP platform. Phase 1 blinded data showed 7% mean weight loss at 8 weeks with minimal GI side effects.

A novel quadruple agonist prodrug combining GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, and DACRA (dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist) activity in a single molecule, designed for once-monthly dosing and superior efficacy.

An ultra-long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist designed for both once-weekly and once-monthly subcutaneous dosing, delivering double-digit weight loss with class-leading gastrointestinal tolerability in mid-stage trials.

MET-233i is a first-in-class, once-monthly ultra-long-acting amylin analog for obesity, originally developed by Metsera and now a Pfizer asset. In its Phase 1 trial it produced up to 8.4% placebo-subtracted weight loss after five weekly doses and showed a roughly 19-day half-life - the most durable of any reported amylin analog - supporting once-monthly subcutaneous dosing. It is engineered to be combined with Metsera's monthly GLP-1 agonist MET-097i in a single once-monthly injection.

An FDA-approved synthetic cyclic peptide and CXCR4 antagonist (brand name Aphexda; research name BL-8040) used together with G-CSF to mobilize blood-forming stem cells for autologous transplant in multiple myeloma. In 2026 it is being actively studied as part of combination immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer.

A mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for metabolic regulation, exercise mimetic effects, and longevity.

A melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved (in Europe) for preventing phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria.

A melanocortin receptor agonist studied for tanning, sexual function, and appetite suppression.

The first oral quadruple receptor agonist targeting IGF-1, GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors for obesity treatment with muscle preservation.

A coenzyme essential for cellular energy production, studied for anti-aging and metabolic support.

A C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) analog FDA-approved in February 2026 for increasing linear growth in children with achondroplasia — the first once-weekly CNP therapy.

Nipocalimab (brand name Imaavy, development code M281) is a fully human, aglycosylated, 'effectorless' IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), developed by Johnson & Johnson (Janssen). Like efgartigimod it lowers circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) - including the pathogenic autoantibodies that drive many autoimmune diseases - by occupying FcRn and preventing it from recycling IgG back into the blood, so unrescued IgG is routed to the lysosome and degraded, typically cutting total IgG by roughly 65-75% while sparing IgM, IgA, complement, and albumin. Unlike efgartigimod's engineered Fc fragment, nipocalimab is a full-length monoclonal antibody engineered to be aglycosylated and effectorless (it does not trigger ADCC or complement-dependent cytotoxicity), and it is dosed as a maintenance intravenous infusion for continuous IgG suppression rather than in short cycles. The FDA approved Imaavy on April 30, 2025 for generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in anti-AChR-antibody-positive and anti-MuSK-antibody-positive patients aged 12 and older - making it the first FcRn blocker approved for adolescents and the first to explicitly cover MuSK-positive disease - on the strength of the Phase 3 Vivacity-MG3 trial. It has since generated positive data across a striking breadth of IgG-mediated conditions: Sjogren's disease (Phase 2 DAHLIAS), rheumatoid arthritis, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (wAIHA), and - uniquely among FcRn blockers - maternal-fetal alloimmune disease, where it is being developed to treat hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) by crossing the placenta to protect the fetus. In April 2026 the FDA granted Priority Review to nipocalimab for wAIHA, positioning it as a potential first approved therapy for that condition.

An investigational, once-every-12-weeks injectable small interfering RNA (siRNA) from Amgen that lowers lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] by up to ~97% by silencing the LPA gene in the liver. Its Phase 3 OCEAN(a)-Outcomes cardiovascular outcomes trial (~7,000 patients) is one of the pivotal readouts — due December 2026 — that will help decide whether lowering Lp(a) prevents heart attacks and strokes.

The first oral non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist, FDA-approved in April 2026 for chronic weight management with no food or water restrictions.

A neuropeptide involved in social bonding, mood regulation, and reproductive functions.

An 11-amino-acid CNTF-derived peptide studied for its ability to upregulate BDNF expression and promote neurogenesis in cognitive decline models.

Palopegteriparatide (Yorvipath, developed as TransCon PTH) is Ascendis Pharma's once-daily prodrug of parathyroid hormone (1-34). An inert methoxy-PEG carrier is attached to PTH(1-34) through a TransCon linker that auto-cleaves at physiologic pH and temperature, releasing unmodified native-sequence PTH slowly enough to hold hormone levels inside the physiologic range for a full 24 hours. It is the first therapy approved as a true hormone replacement for chronic hypoparathyroidism rather than as an add-on to calcium and active vitamin D: in the Phase 3 PaTHway trial 78.7% of treated adults met a composite endpoint of normal serum calcium plus independence from conventional therapy at week 26, versus 4.8% on placebo. The FDA approved Yorvipath on August 9, 2024.

A PEGylated splice variant of IGF-1 studied for muscle repair and satellite cell activation, with an extended half-life compared to native MGF.

A PEGylated cyclic-peptide inhibitor of complement component 3 (C3) built from two compstatin (Cp05) peptide domains bridged by a 40-kDa PEG chain; marketed as Empaveli/Aspaveli (subcutaneous, for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and, since July 2025, C3 glomerulopathy and primary IC-MPGN) and Syfovre (intravitreal, for geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration). It is one of the few complement-targeting therapeutic peptides to reach the market.

Pegozafermin (development code BIO89-100) is an investigational, long-acting analog of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) being developed for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH) and for severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG). Originally developed by 89bio and acquired by Roche in a deal announced in September 2025 (about $2.4 billion upfront and up to roughly $3.5 billion including a contingent value right), it uses site-specific glycoPEGylation to extend the very short half-life of native FGF21 to roughly 55-100 hours, enabling once-weekly or once-every-two-weeks subcutaneous dosing. FGF21 is a metabolic hormone that acts on liver, fat, and other tissues to improve insulin sensitivity, lower triglycerides, and exert direct anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. In the Phase 2b ENLIVEN trial in biopsy-confirmed F2-F3 MASH, the 44 mg every-two-weeks dose produced at least a one-stage fibrosis improvement without worsening of MASH in about 27% of patients versus 7% on placebo, and MASH resolution without worsening of fibrosis in about 26% versus 2% on placebo, with benefits sustained through week 48. Pegozafermin holds FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation and EMA PRIME status for MASH and has advanced into the Phase 3 ENLIGHTEN program (ENLIGHTEN-Fibrosis in non-cirrhotic F2-F3 MASH and ENLIGHTEN-Cirrhosis in compensated F4 cirrhosis), plus the Phase 3 ENTRUST trial in SHTG.

A first-in-class, once-monthly injectable antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) from Ionis and Novartis that lowers lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] by shutting down apolipoprotein(a) production in the liver. Its pivotal Lp(a)HORIZON trial (8,323 patients) is the first-ever cardiovascular outcomes trial for any Lp(a)-lowering drug, with a landmark topline readout due in 2026.

A GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist with FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for MASH, showing strong weight loss and liver benefits in Phase 2 trials.

A semi-synthetic polysaccharide FDA-approved for interstitial cystitis and studied for joint health applications.

An orally dosed synthetic intracellular peptide that acts on the endocannabinoid system; an early human trial showed reduced visceral fat and improved sleep without lean-mass loss.

A long-acting amylin analog in late-stage clinical development for chronic weight management, designed to deliver double-digit weight loss with a tolerability profile comparable to placebo.

An ultra-long-acting injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist enabling monthly dosing, with 12.3% placebo-adjusted weight loss in Phase 2b and 10 Phase 3 trials planned.

A short bioregulatory peptide studied for neuroprotective effects and cognitive support in aging.

A melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

A next-generation mitochondria-targeting peptide that induces selective adipocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial uncoupling for weight loss without systemic toxicity.

An investigational triple agonist (GIP/GLP-1/glucagon) studied for obesity and metabolic disease.

A once-weekly injectable GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonist in Phase 3 trials for obesity, with an oral formulation in development and backed by a record-setting $625M biotech IPO.

Rozanolixizumab (brand name Rystiggo, development code UCB7665) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that blocks the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), developed by UCB. Like efgartigimod and nipocalimab it lowers circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) - including the pathogenic autoantibodies that drive many autoimmune diseases - by binding FcRn and preventing it from recycling IgG back into the blood, so unrescued IgG is routed to the lysosome and degraded, typically cutting total IgG by roughly 70-80% while sparing IgM, IgA, complement, and albumin. Unlike efgartigimod's engineered Fc fragment, rozanolixizumab is a full-length humanized antibody, and unlike nipocalimab's intravenous infusion it is given as a rapid subcutaneous infusion (including via an on-body delivery device), typically in weekly cycles that are repeated based on clinical response rather than continuously. The FDA approved Rystiggo on June 27, 2023 for generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in adults who are anti-acetylcholine-receptor (AChR) antibody-positive or anti-muscle-specific-tyrosine-kinase (MuSK) antibody-positive - making it the first therapy ever approved to treat both of those gMG subtypes - on the strength of the Phase 3 MycarinG trial. It has since been studied across other IgG-mediated diseases, including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), where it did not show meaningful benefit and was not advanced to Phase 3, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and other autoantibody conditions where development continues. The European Medicines Agency approved rozanolixizumab in January 2024 and the UK MHRA in March 2024.

A first-in-class synthetic hepcidin-mimetic (mini-hepcidin) peptide given as a weekly subcutaneous injection to control red-blood-cell overproduction in polycythemia vera (PV). By mimicking the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin, rusfertide binds the iron exporter ferroportin and restricts iron availability, reducing the need for therapeutic phlebotomy. Developed by Protagonist Therapeutics and partnered with Takeda, it met its primary endpoint in the Phase 3 VERIFY trial and, in March 2026, received FDA acceptance of its New Drug Application with Priority Review, with a decision expected in the third quarter of 2026.

A synthetic peptide analog of tuftsin studied for anxiolytic and nootropic properties.

A GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management.

A synthetic peptide derived from ACTH, studied for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects.

A GHRH analog previously FDA-approved for growth hormone deficiency diagnosis and treatment.

A once-daily subcutaneous cyclic octapeptide melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, FDA-approved for several rare genetic and acquired forms of obesity that act through the leptin-melanocortin pathway.

A synthetic ERRα/β/γ pan-agonist studied as an 'exercise mimetic' for endurance, fat oxidation, and metabolic health.

A cosmetic peptide studied for reducing the appearance of wrinkles by modulating muscle contraction signaling.

Sotatercept (Winrevair, sotatercept-csrk) is Merck's first-in-class activin signaling inhibitor - a recombinant ActRIIA-Fc fusion protein that acts as a ligand trap for activin A, activin B, GDF-8 (myostatin) and GDF-11. It is FDA-approved for adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), where it improved 6-minute walk distance by 40.8 meters in the Phase 3 STELLAR trial and, in the Phase 3 ZENITH trial in high-risk patients, cut the composite risk of death, lung transplantation and PAH hospitalization by 76%. An expanded U.S. label reflecting ZENITH was approved on October 27, 2025.

A mitochondria-targeted peptide FDA-approved as FORZINITY (elamipretide) for Barth syndrome in September 2025 — the first FDA-approved mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic.

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist with FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for MASH and Priority Review NDA filed February 2026. Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-1 reported 16.6% weight loss at 76 weeks; approval possible Q3 2026.

A novel myostatin-activin pathway inhibitor targeting fat reduction and lean mass gain, with Phase 2 results in obesity expected H2 2026.

A naturally occurring peptide involved in cell migration and tissue repair, studied for wound healing and recovery.

A GHRH analog FDA-approved for reducing visceral fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

A thymic peptide preparation studied for immune system rejuvenation and age-related immune decline.

A thymic peptide approved in some countries for immune modulation, studied for viral infections and cancer adjunct therapy.

A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, weight management, and MASH with liver fibrosis.

Trevogrumab (REGN1033) is an investigational fully human anti-myostatin (anti-GDF8) monoclonal antibody from Regeneron being tested as a lean-mass-sparing add-on to semaglutide in the Phase 2 COURAGE obesity trial; adding it to semaglutide prevented roughly half of the ~33% of GLP-1-induced weight loss that normally comes from muscle, and the semaglutide + trevogrumab + garetosmab triplet reached 13.4% weight loss at 26 weeks with only ~7.4% of that loss from lean mass.

A twice-daily oral peptide analog of the IGF-1 tripeptide glycine-proline-glutamate (GPE) that is the first and only medicine approved to treat Rett syndrome. Marketed by Acadia Pharmaceuticals as Daybue, trofinetide does not correct the underlying MECP2 mutation; instead it works on the downstream consequences - it is thought to restore synaptic signaling, dampen neuroinflammation, and normalize overactive microglia and astrocytes, improving neurobehavioral symptoms. It won FDA approval in March 2023 for adults and children 2 years and older. In late 2025 the FDA cleared a dye- and preservative-free powder formulation (Daybue STIX, broadly available in April 2026), and in June 2026 the EMA's CHMP adopted a positive opinion recommending European authorization.

A GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple receptor agonist in Phase 2 development for type 2 diabetes and obesity, competing with retatrutide in the triple-agonist space.

A neuropeptide with broad neuroimmune functions, studied for inflammatory conditions and nerve repair.

An investigational oral and injectable GLP-1/GIP dual agonist showing 12.2% oral weight loss at 13 weeks at ECO 2026 and 14.7% injectable weight loss, with Phase 3 VANQUISH trials fully enrolled.

A once-daily subcutaneous peptide (a 39-amino-acid analog of C-type natriuretic peptide, CNP) that is the first approved medicine to increase linear growth in children with achondroplasia. Marketed by BioMarin as Voxzogo, it works one step downstream of the overactive FGFR3 receptor that causes achondroplasia: by binding natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), it dampens FGFR3's braking signal on the growth plate and lets cartilage cells proliferate and mature normally. First FDA-approved in November 2021 for children 5 and older with open growth plates, its label was expanded in 2023 to cover children under 5 (all ages with open growth plates). In 2026 BioMarin reported new long-term and early-treatment data and advanced a once-weekly successor CNP peptide, BMN 333.

WVE-007 is Wave Life Sciences' investigational GalNAc-conjugated siRNA that silences the liver gene INHBE to lower the hepatokine Activin E, aiming to produce muscle-sparing fat loss. In the Phase 1 INLIGHT trial a single subcutaneous dose reduced visceral and total fat while preserving or increasing lean mass, with durable target knockdown that could support once- or twice-yearly dosing.

A unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor co-agonist developed by Novo Nordisk, available in both subcutaneous and oral formulations, with Phase 2 data showing up to 24.3% weight loss and Phase 3 AMAZE trials initiated in 2026.

An investigational, long-acting injectable small interfering RNA (siRNA) from Silence Therapeutics that lowers lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] by more than 80% by silencing the LPA gene in the liver. Dosed only every 16–24 weeks, it produced durable ~90% reductions in its Phase 2 ALPACAR-360 trial (published in JAMA, 2024); as of 2026 the company is seeking a partner before starting its Phase 3 cardiovascular outcomes study.

A self-administered, once-daily subcutaneous macrocyclic peptide that inhibits complement component 5 (C5), FDA- and EMA-approved for anti-AChR-positive generalized myasthenia gravis.

A first-in-class tethered macrocyclic peptide antibiotic that kills carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) by blocking the bacterium's lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transporter, now advancing into a global Phase 3 trial.